NASA's X-43A and its Scramjet

NASA's X-43 its an experimental un-manned aircraft impulsed by a scramjet engine, which is designed to fly at speeds faster than Mach 10. It is part of the program Hyper- X  of experimental aircraft from NASA.

The first data obtained by the experimental vehicle of scramjet "feeding" demonstrated that its revolutionary engine worked succesfully nearly to Match 9.8 which is 11 265 km/h, while flying at a height of 33 000 metres.

Scramjet engines have no mobile parts, and compressess the air that passes through it, in such a way that combustion can happen. Another advantage in favour of the scramjet is that it has a valve that can regulate the fuel supply just how conventional aircraft do and unlike rockets, which produce a maximum propulsion while there is still fuel left.

A disadvantage of the scramjet engine is that it cant start by them selfes and needs to be accelerated by another aircraft untill a minimum speed of Match 3, or the scramjet aircraft could have an hybrid engine that could work has a turboreactor for take-off and landing, and as scramjet during the flight. Unfortunately this does not exist nowadays

Interview with Buzz Aldrin

The second man who stepped on the surface of the moon is interviewed about its moon experience and future interplanetary missions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHlT8QaeEXs

Abstract Algebra

Abstract algebra its the part of mathematis that studies algebraic structures such as groups, rings or vector spaces. many of these structures where totally defined in the 19th century, and, actually, the study of abstract algebra was motivated by the need for more precission in the mathematical definitions.

In abstract algebra, combined elements by diferent operations are not generally interpreted as numbers, being one of the reasons for why abstract algebra can´t just be considered a simple extension of arithmetics. The study of abstract algebra has allowed to observed with clarity the intrinsic logical statements where all maths and natural sciences are based uppon. Also, along the history, the algebraists discoverd logical structures that while apparently different very often they can be characterized by the same way with a little group of axioms.

The term abstrac algebra is used to distinguish this field fro  elemental algebra of common school algebra where it shows the correct rules to manipulate the formulae and algebraic expressions that concern bith real and complex numbers.

Abstrac algebra includes:

     · Quasigroups
     · Semigroups
     · Monoids
     · Groups
     · Integrity domains
     · Rings and bodies
     · Modules and vector spaces
     · Associative algebra and Lie algebra
     · Reticules and Boole algebras

EigenValues, EigenVectors & EigenSpaces


In linear algebra, the Eigenvectors of a lineal operator are the non-zero vectors that, when transformed by the operator, they give an escalar multiple of themselves, meeaning their direction is not changed. This scalar is called EigenValue. Normally, the transformation is completely determined by its EigenVectors and EigenValues. The joining of the EigenVectors with a common EigenValue is called and EigenSpace.


In the example of the famous drawring Mona Lisa by da Vinci, the image has been transformed and has been deformed in such a way that it's vertical axis has not changed.

The blue vector which goes from the chest to the shoulder has changed direction, while the red vector hasn´t. This means that the red vector is, therefore, an EigenVector of the transformation, while the blue vector isn´t. Because the red vector hasn´t changed in lenght, its EigenValue is 1. Every single vector in this direction are EigenVectors, with the same EigenValue. This makes the EigenSpace for this EigenValue.

First Manned Moon Landing

The Apollo 11 was the first manned spacecraft that landed safely on the surface of the Moon and returned back to Earth. The date was 20th July 1969, when Neil Amstrong and Buzz Aldrin where the first humans to step on the surface of the Moon. They spended about 2h 30mins in the surface of the Moon, where they collected 21.5kg of lunar material.

Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket at the Kennedy Space Centre, and it was the fith manned mission of NASA's Apollo Program.

The spacecraft had three parts: the command module, for a cabin with a space for 3 astronauts, a service module, which supported the command modules with electrical power, propulsion, oxygen and water, and the lunar module, for landing on the moon.

They landed on the See of Tranquility, where they broadcasted on live TV when Amstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, which described the event as "one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.

Communication Tools in the Aerospace Sector

Ever since the Wright Brothers did their first flight, there has allways been a question on how to cummunicate with the pilots in the air. First ground controls used the help of visuals to provide signals to the pilots. Then small portable advent radios came along, which for the first time allowed the pilots to cummunicate to the ground.

Nowadays, air-to-ground communication relies on many navigation systems on board and on ground. They now have the newest radio and GPS systems as well as internet and video capabililties.

Radars are also a increadibly usefull tool in air-to-ground communication. Today every single plane in the aerial space is tracked down by Air Traffic control towers across the world, by tracking a signal given off by a on-board divice called transponder. These act as a personal identification for each aircraft, which allows Control towers to inmediatly recognize a plane. They work by recognizing radar frequencies as they interact with the aircraft. Then the transponder which is alerted by the radar responds by sending a singnal back to the Air Trafic control tower, which then identifies the aircraft.

They are also helpful to avoid acollision with other aircraft or with the ground, as they also give information about height, speed, etc..

PechaKucha Presentations

PechaKucha is a presentation style where 20 slides, normally made with Microsoft PowerPoint or similar, are shown for 20 seconds each, giving a total  of 6' 40''. Therefore, the format  keep the presentations concise and fast-pace, which has powered many speaker events called PechaKucha Nights.

Here I will give some tips on how to do a good and effective 20 X 20 Pecha Kucha presentation:

·Images are they of the for doing an effective presentation. These images must have some connection with what you are speaking about, your key points, just as word-as-image style.

·Practice the presentaion. Memorizing the key ponts is essential for a PechaKucha presentation. It is recomended to have some sort of guide in a small piece of paper so you dont get blank in the middle of the presentaion, as the time will be running and will not stop.

·Don't wory if you finish speaking before the next slide comes. It is likely that it will appear midway through your sentece, which can be calculated to have a bit longer than 20 seconds per slide if timed and practiced correctly. This will make the presentation more polished  rather than having to wait untill the next slide appears.